In response to the problem of shear viscosity loss of polymers in porous media of low-permeability reservoirs, 21.38 million ultra-high molecular weight zwitterionic polymers were prepared by copolymerization of acrylamide (AM), 2-acrylamide-2-methylpropanesulfonic acid (AMPS), dimethyl diallyl ammonium chloride (DMDAAC), supplemented by a small amount of acrylic acid (AA), and post-hydrolysis, cationic and anionic groups were simultaneously introduced into the polymer chain. The molecular structure of target quaternary polymer was evidenced by FT-IR and 1H-NMR. Using a self-built constant flow capillary shear device, the factors affecting the shear viscosity recovery performance were explored from the aspects of polymer composition and injection rate. The viscosity recovery process of polymer after shear was characterized by DLS, TEM, and rheometer. Results show that the reversible attractive interaction between cations and anions can enhance the initial viscosity of the polymer and give the polymer viscoelastic properties, after thinning through capillary shear, the ionic bond between polymers can be recovered by itself, so that the viscosity can be quickly recovered. The polymer with the best overall effect obtained by using 20% AMPS, 0.02% ammonium formate, 0.5% DMDAAC, and 25% degree of hydrolysis, its viscosity can be recovered to more than 80% within one hour in the shear rate range of 4500 s-1. The excellent viscosity self-healing properties of shear and the resistance to formation adsorption make it have great application potential in the field of deep profile control and water plugging of low-permeability oil reservoirs.