Oil film is an important type of residual oil after water flooding，so improving its utilization will further enhance oil recovery（EOR）. To investigate the dynamic detachment characteristics of different types of surfactants on oil films，a visual physical simulation method for oil film detachment was used to quantitatively characterize the dynamic characteristic parameters. Through the use of 11 different types of typical surfactants，the effects of different molecular structures and properties of surfactants on the mobilization rules and functional mechanisms of oil films were clarified. The results showed that there were significant differences in the dynamic characteristics and detachment mechanisms of different types of surfactants for peeling oil films. The detachment of oil films by anionic surfactants，including sodium dodecyl sulfonate，sodium dodecyl benzene sulfonate，sodium tetradecyl sulfate and sodium hexadecyl sulfonate，was mainly affected by the number of lipophilic groups in molecular structure and emulsifying performance. Increasing the number of carbon chains improved the oil-water emulsion stability to accelerate the detachment of oil film. While the detachment of oil films by cationic surfactants，including dodecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide， tetradecyl trimethyl ammonium bromide and cetyl trimethyl ammonium bromide was mainly affected by the number of lipophilic groups in molecular structure，oil-water interfacial tension（IFT），emulsifying performance and wettability alteration. Increasing the number of carbon chains was beneficial for reducing IFT and changing the wettability of rock surface into hydrophilicity. The detachment of oil films by nonionic surfactants（alkyl ethoxylated ether type）was mainly affected by the number of hydrophilic groups in molecular structure，oil-water IFT and emulsifying performance. So，increasing the number of polyoxyethylene ether groups was beneficial for improving hydrophilicity，reducing IFT，improving emulsifying properties，and further promoting oil film peeling. These results could further guide the molecular structure design of surfactants and the theoretical investigation of oil displacement in water-flooding reservoir.