In the environment of high salt and low permeability reservoir，the dispersion stability of molybdenum disulfide（MoS₂） nanosheet is poor，so it is often necessary to play a synergistic effect with surfactant to improve its performance. It is very important to clarify the interaction between MoS₂ and surfactant to improve the application range of MoS₂. By hydrothermal method，MoS₂ nanosheets were synthesized with thioacetamide as sulfur source and molybdenum trioxide as molybdenum source. The effects of five surfactants on the dispersion stability of MoS₂ nanosheets in saline was studied， and then the cationic surfactant hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide （CTAB） was selected. The interfacial performance，emulsification properties and oil recovery effect of CTAB-MoS₂（mass ratio of 10∶1）were investigated. The results showed that MoS₂ nanosheet had layered structure，meanwhile the dispersion stability in deionized water was good. However，the dispersion stability decreased with increasing NaCl mass concentration. CTAB could significantly improve the dispersion stability of MoS₂ nanosheets in 3000 mg/L NaCl solution. When the mass fraction of MoS₂ was 0.1%，the addition of CTAB could increase the stabilization time of MoS₂ from less than 3 h to 12 h. When the mass fraction of MoS₂ was 0.005%，CTAB could reduce the average particle size of MoS₂ from 122.7 nm to 98.1 nm，meanwhile the absolute Zeta potential value increased from 25.0 mV to 33.8 mV. 0.05% CTAB-0.005% MoS₂ could spontaneously form a strong interface membrane and climbing membrane at the n-heptane/water interface. Furthermore，it could not only reduce the interface tension between n-heptane and water to 0.175 mN/m，but also have a good emulsifying effect. Based on its excellent salt tolerance and good interface activity，CTAB-MoS₂ had certain enhanced oil recovery effect in low permeability environment. Under the condition of 60 ℃ and 3000 mg/L NaCl solution，when 0.5 PV 0.05% CTAB-0.005% MoS₂ was injected into a low permeability（48.33 × 10^-3 μm²）core，the oil recovery was enhanced by 9.85 percentage points. The construction of CTAB-MoS₂ with high dispersion stability was expected to provide a solution for the efficient development of low permeability fields，and also provided research ideas for improving the dispersion stability of nanomaterials.