After more than half a century's development，the oilfield chemical chemicals have become an indispensable materials for oil and gas production. However，the harsh oil and gas environment such as low permeability，high temperature and high salinity also poses new challenges to the research and development of organic oilfield chemical materials such as polymers and surfactants. The traditional "passive resistance" strategy cannot fully meet the requirements. In this paper，a new idea of "environmentally self-adaptive oilfield chemical materials" was proposed. Based on the author's own work，the principle， performance and potential of permeability adaptive polymer，temperature-adaptive polymer and surfactant，salinity-adaptive polymer，CO2-adaptive viscoelastic surfactant and pH adaptive viscoelastic surfactant were introduced on principle，properties and potential applications. Finally，the future trend of environmentally adaptive materials used in oil and gas production was prospected.